Brachial Plexus Injuries: Understanding, Causes, and Treatments

 The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that controls movement and sensation in the shoulder, arm, and hand. Injuries to this nerve network can significantly impact mobility and quality of life, leading to pain, weakness, or even paralysis in severe cases. Here's an in-depth look at brachial plexus injuries, their causes, symptoms, and treatment options.



What is the Brachial Plexus?

The brachial plexus is a complex network of nerves originating from the spinal cord in the neck. It branches out into the shoulder, arm, and hand, transmitting signals from the brain to control muscle movement and sensation. Any injury or damage to this nerve group can disrupt these essential functions.


Common Causes of Brachial Plexus Injuries

  1. Trauma from Accidents:
    High-impact incidents such as road accidents or falls can stretch, compress, or tear the brachial plexus, leading to nerve damage.

  2. Sports Injuries:
    Contact sports like football, wrestling, or gymnastics pose a risk of brachial plexus injuries, especially when the neck and shoulder experience sudden jerking movements.

  3. Birth-Related Injuries:
    During childbirth, excessive pulling on a baby's shoulders can injure the brachial plexus. This condition, known as obstetric brachial plexus palsy, can lead to long-term complications.

  4. Tumors or Inflammation:
    Tumors in or near the brachial plexus can press against the nerves, causing pain and dysfunction. Inflammation due to infections or autoimmune diseases can also impair nerve function.


Symptoms of Brachial Plexus Injuries

  • Weakness or inability to use the shoulder, arm, or hand.
  • Numbness or loss of sensation in the affected area.
  • A burning or stinging sensation shooting down the arm.
  • Complete or partial paralysis of the arm.

The severity of symptoms depends on the type and extent of nerve damage.


Treatment Options

  1. Physical Therapy:
    Regular physiotherapy can help strengthen the surrounding muscles, improve mobility, and restore function. Exercises are tailored to the specific needs of the patient to enhance recovery.

  2. Surgical Intervention:
    For severe cases where nerves are torn or severed, surgery is often required. Procedures may include:

    • Nerve Grafting: Using a healthy nerve from another part of the body to replace the damaged nerve.
    • Nerve Transfers: Redirecting functional nerves to restore control in the affected area.
    • Muscle Transfers: Transplanting muscles with their nerve supply to improve arm and hand function.

Why Early Diagnosis Matters

Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for optimal recovery. Delays in addressing brachial plexus injuries can lead to permanent loss of function. Neurological and imaging studies, like MRI or EMG (electromyography), can help determine the severity of the injury and guide treatment decisions.


Expert Care for Brachial Plexus Injuries

Dr. Dilip S. Kiyawat, M.Ch. (Neuro) Neurosurgeon, specializes in diagnosing and treating brachial plexus injuries. His team offers personalized treatment plans to restore movement and improve quality of life.


Contact Information for Consultation

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